# Copyright 2021 The NetKet Authors - All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from typing import Optional, Union
from collections.abc import Sequence
import numpy as np
from netket.graph import AbstractGraph, Graph
from netket.hilbert import AbstractHilbert
from netket.utils.types import DType
from ._graph_operator import GraphOperator
[docs]
class Heisenberg(GraphOperator):
r"""
The Heisenberg hamiltonian on a lattice.
"""
[docs]
def __init__(
self,
hilbert: AbstractHilbert,
graph: AbstractGraph,
J: Union[float, Sequence[float]] = 1.0,
sign_rule: Union[None, bool, Sequence[bool]] = None,
dtype: Optional[DType] = None,
*,
acting_on_subspace: Union[None, list[int], int] = None,
):
"""
Constructs an Heisenberg operator given a hilbert space and a graph providing the
connectivity of the lattice.
Args:
hilbert: Hilbert space the operator acts on.
graph: The graph upon which this hamiltonian is defined.
J: The strength of the coupling. Default is 1.
Can pass a sequence of coupling strengths with coloured graphs:
edges of colour n will have coupling strength J[n]
sign_rule: If True, Marshal's sign rule will be used. On a bipartite
lattice, this corresponds to a basis change flipping the Sz direction
at every odd site of the lattice. For non-bipartite lattices, the
sign rule cannot be applied. Defaults to True if the lattice is
bipartite, False otherwise.
If a sequence of coupling strengths is passed, defaults to False
and a matching sequence of sign_rule must be specified to override it
dtype: Data type of the matrix elements.
acting_on_subspace: Specifies the mapping between nodes of the graph and
Hilbert space sites, so that graph node :code:`i ∈ [0, ..., graph.n_nodes - 1]`,
corresponds to :code:`acting_on_subspace[i] ∈ [0, ..., hilbert.n_sites]`.
Must be a list of length `graph.n_nodes`. Passing a single integer :code:`start`
is equivalent to :code:`[start, ..., start + graph.n_nodes - 1]`.
Examples:
Constructs a ``Heisenberg`` operator for a 1D system.
>>> import netket as nk
>>> g = nk.graph.Hypercube(length=20, n_dim=1, pbc=True)
>>> hi = nk.hilbert.Spin(s=0.5, total_sz=0, N=g.n_nodes)
>>> op = nk.operator.Heisenberg(hilbert=hi, graph=g)
>>> print(op)
Heisenberg(J=1.0, sign_rule=True; dim=20)
"""
if isinstance(J, Sequence):
# check that the number of Js matches the number of colours
assert len(J) == max(graph.edge_colors) + 1
if sign_rule is None:
sign_rule = [False] * len(J)
else:
assert len(sign_rule) == len(J)
for i in range(len(J)):
subgraph = Graph(edges=graph.edges(filter_color=i))
if sign_rule[i] and not subgraph.is_bipartite():
raise ValueError(
"sign_rule=True specified for a non-bipartite lattice"
)
else:
if sign_rule is None:
sign_rule = graph.is_bipartite()
elif sign_rule and not graph.is_bipartite():
raise ValueError("sign_rule=True specified for a non-bipartite lattice")
self._J = J
self._sign_rule = sign_rule
sz_sz = np.array(
[
[1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, -1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, -1, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1],
]
)
exchange = np.array(
[
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 2, 0],
[0, 2, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
]
)
if isinstance(J, Sequence):
bond_ops = [
J[i] * (sz_sz - exchange if sign_rule[i] else sz_sz + exchange)
for i in range(len(J))
]
bond_ops_colors = list(range(len(J)))
else:
bond_ops = [J * (sz_sz - exchange if sign_rule else sz_sz + exchange)]
bond_ops_colors = []
super().__init__(
hilbert,
graph,
bond_ops=bond_ops,
bond_ops_colors=bond_ops_colors,
dtype=dtype,
acting_on_subspace=acting_on_subspace,
)
@property
def J(self) -> float:
"""The coupling strength."""
return self._J
@property
def uses_sign_rule(self):
return self._sign_rule
def __repr__(self):
return f"Heisenberg(J={self._J}, sign_rule={self._sign_rule}; dim={self.hilbert.size})"
